Quarterly of the History of Philosophy

Volume 37

A Critical Analysis of Henry Corbin's Thoughts on the Comparison of Suhrawardi's Philosophy with Greek Philosophy

Seyed Ali Alamolhoda, Alireza Parsa, Marziyeh Akhlaghi, and Hassan Seyyed Arab

Henry Corbin is a western commentator of Suhrawardi's Illuminationist philosophy. His thoughts in relation to interpreting this philosophy are based on t'awil (hermeneutics), phenomenology, metahistory, and comparative philosophy. The present paper is the first attempt at addressing this subject, and it is intended to critically investigate Corbin's thoughts regarding the comparison of Suhrawardi's philosophy with those of Plato, Aristotle, and neo-Platonists. Here, the authors have explored Suhrawardi's innovative ideas so that the differences between them and the thoughts of the above-mentioned philosophers are disclosed. They have also presented a general critique of Corbin's methodology and its defects in the conclusion. Comparative philosophy, which is sometimes called intercultural philosophy, requires philosophers to deal with various cultural, linguistic, and philosophical trends with an emphasis on the fundamental principles underlying the philosophers' thoughts and to study the differences and similarities among their views. In Corbin's view, comparative philosophy has functioned as the gateway of the correct perception of philosophical thoughts in the history of philosophy, and that is why he has compared Illuminationist philosophy with the philosophical views of Plato and Aristotle. He believes that Suhrawardi's philosophy has been derived from Plato's views, which seems to have its roots in his idea that the origin of philosophy is Greece. Corbin considers him as the Plato of the world of Islam; however, he ignores Suhrawardi's innovations, the differences between his philosophy and that of Plato, and his criticism of Aristotle.

Key Terms: Corbin, Suhrawardi, Greek philosophy, Plato, Aristotle, neo-Platonists, Christianity, comparative philosophy

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The Concept and Place of Bahman in Avestan and Pahlavi Texts as the "First Emanated" in Illuminationist Philosophy

Hassan Bolkhari Ghehi

The statement, "Reason was the first thing that God created", which has been mentioned in several Islamic texts and has been quoted and emphasized by some great philosophers such as Suhrawardi and Mulla Ṣadra (in Sharḥ-i uṣul al-kafi), is a well-known narration in Islamic ḥadiths. A similar statement with a clearer meaning is: "The Glorious God created the intellect, which was the first heavenly created". Such statements gain more significance when we compare them with similar statements regarding the place of the intellect, which is equal to being, in Greek philosophy. As the master of all Iluminationist philosophers, Suhrawardi, as he has emphasized in his treatise of Fi ḥaqiqat al-'ishq (On the Truth of Love) (p. 268), was well-aware of this famous narration. Given Suhrawardi's explicit reference to this statement and his clear indication in Ḥikmat al-ishraq, in which he calls himself the reviver of ancient Iranian philosophy (or at least introduces the wisdom of ancient Iranian philosophers (fahlaviun) as one of the main sources of his own philosophy), this study aims to provide an answer to the question of how we can trace the effects of ancient Iranian wisdom in Suhrawardi's philosophy. One of the most important factors linking his philosophy to ancient Iranian philosophy is his reference to the place of such Amesha Spenta as Bahman or Urdibihišt in Avestan and Pahlavi texts and considering them as the pillars of the nuri (illuminative) and ontological system in his philosophy. Here, based on the principle of "Nothing is emanated from the one but one", he calls the first-emanated from the light of lights (al-nur al-anwar) the closest light (al-nur al-aqrab) and, based on ancient Iranian philosophy, he calls it Bahman. However, one might inquire about the relationship between Bahman and the first-emanated, particularly if the first-emanated in Islamic philosophy is the intellect. Following a historical and analytic approach, this paper investigates the philosophy of choosing Bahman as the first-emanated in Suhrawardi's philosophy and examines his particular choice of Bahman as the god of wisdom and knowledge as tantamount to the intellect in Islamic ḥadiths, which demonstrates Suhrawardi's profound knowledge of ancient Iranian wisdom.

Key Terms: ancient Iranian wisdom, Illuminationist philosophy, Suhrawardi,     intellect, Bahman, first-emanated

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Epistemological Place of Phronesis and its Importance in Aristotle's Philosophy of Ethics

Ali Nazemi Ardakani, Reza Davari Ardakani, and Malek Hosseini

Phronesis or practical wisdom is one of the intellectual virtues which Aristotle has defined as a predisposition for continuously becoming involved in practice while thinking wisely about good and evil affairs. The outcome of this predisposition or phronetic act is the product of a kind of philosophical thinking which, in addition to viewing certain established principles, attends to madina (polis) as a cradle for the development of acts; to finite, particular, and changing affairs as the subject of knowledge, and to Man as a free agent. The irregularity and, at the same time, legitimacy of phronesis provides individuals with a strategy not to surrender to fixed and strict scientific laws as the only legitimate tools of knowledge acquisition. Through making a methodological distinction between sophia or theoretical wisdom and phronesis, Aristotle has in fact founded the independence and irreducibility of practico-ethical knowledge about what is correct; practical deliberation cannot be reduced to logical arguments. In Aristotle's ethical philosophy, accidental knowledge, as the knowledge of finite, particular, possible, and changing affairs, is a complement to essential knowledge, which pertains to pre-eternal and universal affairs and primal and fixed basic principles. Sophia and phronesis can lead to happiness only in case they function as the two sides of the same coin.

Key Terms: Phronesis, practical wisdom, Sophia, theoretical wisdom, practico-ethical wisdom

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An Analytic Account of the Rules and Position of Kingship in Mirṣad al-'Ibad based on Khosrawani Wisdom

Somayeh Assadi

According to the teachings of Zoroastrianism and Ahuramazda, the position of kingship in ancient Iran enjoys two aspects of religiousness and leadership or wisdom and government, which were both granted to the king in the light of divine power (farr-e izadi). In Illuminationist philosophy, too, the light of all lights (al-nur al-anwar), which illuminates all worlds, is the same khurneh in Avesta, which is referred to as farr (glory) in today's Persian. In the light of farr, which is an izadi and divine gift, the blessed person qualifies for the position of kingship. If any knowledgeable and just king deviated from the path of justice, he was deprived of this blessing and glory. Najm al-Din Razi's view in Mirṣad al-'ibad regarding the position of leaders and kings and their duties are very close to ancient Iranian thoughts, Zoroastrian teachings, and Khosrawani wisdom. He calls the king as God's vicegerent on earth and, through assimilating the king to homa (a fabulous bird of good omen), he confirms God's attention to this rank and position. Therefore, it can be said that what is called farr-e kiyani (divine light) in Khosrawani wisdom and Illuminationist philosophy has appeared in Mirṣad al-'ibad as divine power and heavenly confirmation. Accordingly, Razi refers to some specific features for kings which match those appearing in ancient religions and Khosrawani wisdom. The present study aimed to list the features of kings in Mirṣad al-'ibad while considering the elements of kingship in ancient schools of philosophy, particularly Khosrawani wisdom, and then explain the similarities and differences between the thoughts of Najm al-Din Razi and the basic principles of Khosrawani wisdom regarding the necessary qualities and features of a king. The findings of the study demonstrate that, given the place of his own gnostic interpretation and the Illuminationist and Zahirite meaning of Khosrawani wisdom, Razi considered kingship to be the same as divine guardianship and the philosophical concept of "king philosopher" or, in other words, a wayfarer who has attained God and is now at the stage of "for the created through the Truth". This individual is a "particular king" who has been granted the position of "people's king" or the authority to rule people in the light of such characteristics.

Key Terms: Khosrawani wisdom, kingship qualities, farr-e izadi (divine light or glory), divine guardianship, Najm al-Din Razi, Mirṣad al-'ibad

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Place and Time of Fakhr al-Din Samaki in the History of Islamic Philosophy  (with an Emphasis on his Glosses on Maybudi's Sharḥ al-Hidayah al-Ḥikmah)

Tahereh Sadat Mousavi, Mehdi Najafi Afra, and Maghsoud Mohammadi

A necessary research activity in each period is the revival of the works of thinkers and philosophers who have played an essential role in the history of the development and advancement of Islamic culture and teachings but have remained unknown to the world. Fakhr al-Din Samaki, known as Muḥaqqiq Fakhri, is one of these philosophers who lived in the 10^th century (AH). He was the student of Ghiyath al-Din Manṣur Dashtaki. He wrote some important works such as Glosses on Qushchi's Sharḥ-i tajrid and Glosses on Maybudi's Sharḥ al-hidayah al-ḥikmah. Athir al-Din Abhari's Hidayah al-ḥikmah consists of three chapters on logic, physics, and theology. Maybudi commented on its two chapters of physics and theology, and Samaki wrote glosses only on the first and second sections of the three sections of the chapter on physics of Maybudi's Sharḥ al-hidayah al-ḥikmah. Unlike Ibn Sina and Suhrawardi, Samaki did not found a specific school of philosophy; however, he managed to play a significant role as a mediator in the development of philosophical thought in general and turn into a source of inspiration for Mulla Ṣadra in developing his Transcendent Philosophy. He did so through presenting some accurate critiques, conducting thorough investigations, and expressing specific and innovative views regarding certain topics discussed by mutikallimun, Peripatetic philosophers, Illuminationists, and gnostics within the framework of some of his dependent and independent (commentaries and glosses) works. Among such views, reference can be made to his different interpretation of sollemi (stepwise) argument and the development of three new arguments on demonstrating the finitude of things, which have been discussed in this paper.

Key Terms: Fakhr al-Din Samaki, glosses on Sharḥ al-hidayah al-ḥikmah, finitude of things, sollemi (stepwise) argument

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Creation of Persian Works by Muslim Philosophers

Alireza Najafzadeh Torbaty

As far as we know, no book was ever written in Persian during the early centuries of the history of Islam on philosophy or any other field, and all Muslim scientists and scholars, who were mostly Iranian, wrote their scientific works in Arabic. From fourth century (AH) onwards, Iranian philosophers gradually started writing a limited number of their works in Persian alongside the many works in Arabic. This was an invaluable endeavor since it paved the way for later scholars to write in Persian. They did so at a time when Persian, after an interval, lacked the necessary capacity for the expression of abstract philosophical concepts and meanings. Ibn Sina and his students, Naṣir Khusraw, Suhrawardi, Baba Afḍal Kashani, Khwajah Naṣir al-Din Ṭusi, Quṭb al-Din Shirazi, and many others played a significant role in writing philosophical works in Persian. Their attempts at finding Persian equivalents for Arabic philosophical terms have been of great value to Iranian philosophers of the modern period to create Persian philosophical works. Following a descriptive-analytic method, this paper investigates the linguistic and literary reasons behind the dominance of Arabic over philosophical writings. Moreover, through introducing the most important philosophical writings in Persian, it explains their role in the development and enrichment of this language for the transfer of philosophical knowledge. Finally, the author discusses the effects of translated western philosophical works on the enrichment of the treasure of Persian lexicon and emphasizes the necessity of writing more philosophical works in Persian in the present era, in which the number of people who speak Arabic as a foreign or second language has decreased to a large extent.

Key Terms: philosophical terms, Persian writing, Muslim philosophers,   finding equivalents

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A Study of the Views of Three Muslim Philosophers on the Four-Fold Virtues: Ibn Miskawayh, Khwajah Naṣir al-Din Ṭusi, and Ḥakim J'afar Kashfi

Masoud Sadeghi and Amir Jalali

Ibn Miskawayh, Khwajah Naṣir al-Din Ṭusi, and Ḥakim J'afar Kashfi share relatively similar views on the soul and believe in Aristotle's middle term. Moreover, all of them consider the four-fold virtues of wisdom, bravery, piety, and justice to be the most original moral virtues; however, they also have some disagreements with each other. This paper, while trying to accurately explain the similarities between them, aims to carefully investigate the differences among them regarding the mentioned virtues. Accordingly, after dividing the virtues into primary and secondary ones, the authors analyze and compare the lists and definitions of secondary virtues in the view of each of these philosophers with those of others. The findings of this study demonstrate that the greatest similarities between the views of Ibn Miskawayh, Khwajah Naṣir al-Din Ṭusi, and Ḥakim J'afar Kashfi pertain to the virtue of wisdom and its related virtues. However, there are some relatively noteworthy differences among them regarding bravery, piety, and justice. For example, regarding piety, there is some disagreement between the views of Ibn Miskawayh and Ṭusi; nevertheless, Ḥakim Kashfi provides a different list of secondary virtues in comparison to the other two philosophers and oftentimes discusses piety in unity with economic and sexual self-discipline. The list and definitions of secondary virtues in relation to justice are completely similar to each other in the views of Khwajah Naṣir al-Din Ṭusi and Kashfi; however, Ibn Miskawayh's list of justice-related secondary virtues contains 13 items more than those of the other two philosophers.

Key Terms: Wisdom, bravery, Piety, justice, Ibn Miskawayh, Khwajah Naṣir al-Din Ṭusi, Ḥakim J'afar Kashfi